Middle East is a-Changing

 MIDDLE EAST IS A-CHANGING

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Middle East back in the 1960’s.

in “The Map Archive” at https://www.themaparchive.com/product/the-middle-east-c-1960/

Back in the day, the Middle East could be divided into the following groupings: the conservative Arab states aligned with the Western nations, a.k.a. the United States, the United Kingdom and France, consisting of Saudi Arabia, the Gulf States Jordan and Morocco; the radical and pro-Soviet Arab states, such as Egypt, Syria, Iraq, South Yemen, Libya, Algeria; the pro-America Persia; and the no-friends Israel.

Of course, there have been many changes along the years: Egypt switched sides back in the 1970’s; Persia turned Iran, turned America-hater; South Yemen ceased to be (and it is seeking resurrection nowadays), etc.

However, one thing remained mostly unchanged: the hostility/hatred towards Israel, mostly on account of the Palestinian issue, but is some cases also due to anti-Semitism with genocidal flavours. There were, of course, positive evolutions, namely the diplomatic recognition of Israel by Egypt (1979) and Jordan (1994).

Then, in the last decade, the chill between Israel and the above-mentioned “pro-Western” group started warming, melting. Covertly, discreetly, smoothly, this state of affairs was clearly moving and improving until 2020.

In 2020, culminating a couple of years of diplomacy, coaching and incentives on the part of the Trump Administration, plus the increasing Sunni-Shia hostility and the Iranian threat, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Bahrain also established diplomatic relations with Israel.

Moreover, Saudi Arabia acquiesced to her allies’ decision, which augurs a similar step being taken by Riyadh in the near future. Furthermore, Oman’s Sultan Haitham bin Tariq, Sudan’s General Abdel Fattah al Bashir and Morocco’s King Mohammed VI, seem to be equally keen on joining this group. I would also add Kuwait as a prospective candidate.

Another remarkable twist that enabled these developments was Palestine’s apparent loss of power and influence, well patent in the UAE’s and Bahrain’s dismissal of her protests and objections, as well as, the defeat of Mahmoud Abbas’ proposed resolution to condemn the UAE decision at an Arab League meeting. These events showed that the Palestinians no longer hold a veto power over Arab-Israeli issues.

So, the Middle East is gradually but surely evolving towards two antagonistic groups. One would be that of the Sunni states, mostly monarchies, plus Israel, which would count on the United States’ military-security umbrella. The other would be a mostly Shiite group, headed and controlled by Iran who will strive to draw the likes of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen and, maybe, the Palestine, even though it is mostly Sunni. The latter group will expect to benefit from the support of Russia and China.

Although this development will not at all guarantee peace for the Middle East, Donald Trump’s accomplishment opened a very rare window to a prosperous, cooperative and peaceful region, at the same time that it makes an Israeli-Arab conflict and even more distant prospect. That, in itself, may prove to be a major accomplishment, probably the most outstanding one so far in the 21^st Century.

 

* The inspiration for the title given to this post, “The Middle East is a-Changing”, is due not only to the actual reality on the ground, but a throwback to the 1960’s changes and Bob Dylan’s iconic song “The Times, They are A-Changing”.

 

As a gift to my readers, here’s the link to the song:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7qQ6_RV4VQ

Interesting Times in the Middle East

 INTERESTING TIMES LOOMING OVER THE MIDDLE EAST

in “Wikimedia” at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Middle_East.png

The People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Iran have signed a wide-ranging cooperation agreement covering trade, infrastructure, oil and military cooperation, development and deployment.

As stated in a previous post, Pakistan stands to gain from this agreement, too. On top of it all, Russia will also have a relevant stake in the military sphere.

So, besides the prospective gains envisioned by each of the participants, what is the likely geopolitical impact in the Middle East? What changes? Who stands to gain? And who stands to lose?

We are looking at a possible major realignment of strengths and alliances in the Middle East. Let us take a look at some of the players.

IRAN – Theoretically, Iran stands to gain. The military equipment that may be provided by Russia and China will enable Teheran to break the stranglehold imposed by the United States and benefit from a technological upgrade. Predictably, Iran will also benefit from an eventual Chinese military deployment to a couple of bases in Iran, not to mention the Russian role. Although Teheran has been always reluctant to accept foreign military deployment on its territory, it is likely that the Iranian leadership will hope that a Chinese and/or Russian deployment would deter an eventual attack from the likes of the USA, or Israel.

If foreign support proves to be solid and rewarding (which remains to be seen), Iran will most likely feel emboldened to challenge the Arab Gulf States, especially her nemesis, Saudi Arabia. Such a development could well, in turn, lead to a wider war involving the Middle East powers, their allies and outsiders like the US, Russia, the PRC, Israel, Turkey, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, France…

SAUDI ARABIA – The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) would appear to be the most vulnerable one in spite of her array of sophisticated high-tech weaponry purchased from the US and the UK. This would be due to Iran’s vast missile arsenal and her asymmetric warfare capabilities, capable of sowing fear and disorder. Furthermore, Saudi Arabia lacks Iran’s experience in foreign intervention and in the manipulation of local proxies. KSA’s military capabilities notwithstanding, the Kingdom would be relying heavily on American support to sustain the harassment from her foes.

PAKISTAN would find herself in a conundrum stuck between her long-time friendly and profitable relationship with Riyadh and her newfound partnership with Iran, strengthened by the triangular cooperation China-Iran-Pakistan. For Islamabad, the cosier path would be to stay put, just making appeals to a cease-fire and negotiations. The pressure from different friends and allies could force it out of the convenience of sitting and staring.

TURKEY could find here an opportunity to further stretch her presence and influence across the Middle East, namely in Iraq and Syria, territories that Erdogan has long coveted. This would not be an easy endeavour given Russia’s and Iran’s presence in Syria and the highly contested geopolitical game in Iraq, but Ankara’s increasingly reckless international behaviour suggests that these kind of adventures should not be precluded.

IRAQ, being the current major geopolitical battleground in the Middle East, would most likely be involved in the conflict. However, it is more probable that she will be a major battleground and not so much an active and influencing participant in the war. Were it to happen, it would further thrash a permanently unstable, divided and impoverished nation.

There are other countries susceptible to join the fray, or of being dragged to it, thus further spreading the clashes. Take Egypt and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) v Turkey over Libya, a renewed fight over Syria and/or Iraq, not to mention Iran’s hatred of Israel.

In this scenario, if a war does break out, the trend would be an increasing number of countries, willingly, or forcefully, getting involved in the war, potentially leading to a catastrophic event.

Is this inevitable?

Obviously not. The key to the conundrum would lie on the great powers, namely the US, Russia and the PRC. If these powers would renege any involvement in such a war, that would substantially diminish the Middle East’s most relevant nations’ bravado and will to fight.

Even if a given country, say Iran, dared to spark a conflict without a patron’s cover, the target, say the KSA, would most likely receive support from a major ally, such as the United States.

In a nutshell, a major war engulfing the whole Middle East is NOT the most likely outcome, if anything because of the cost in lives, equipment and treasure incurred by everyone involved. On the other hand, the increasing tension and acrimony between the great powers and amongst the Middle East ones, plus the spread of bases and military deployments by outside powers, can turn a struggle for influence into a dangerous powder keg.

The increasing great power rivalry and the shifting alliances in the Middle East and beyond, herald a new reality in the region. Interesting Times may be looming over the Middle East.